Crypto-anarchism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. (August 2020)
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2020)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (August 2020)
This article possibly contains original research. (January 2021)
Part of the Politics series on
Anarchism
"Circle-A" anarchy symbol
Schools of thought
TheoryPractice
People
Issues
History
Culture
Economics
By region
Lists
Related topics
BlackFlagSymbol.svg Anarchism portal
A coloured voting box.svg Politics portal
vte
Part of a series on
Libertarianism
Origins
Concepts
People
Related topics
2006 AEGold Proof Obv.png Libertarianism portal
BlackFlagSymbol.svg Anarchism portal
vte
Crypto-anarchism (or crypto-anarchy) is a political ideology focusing on protection of privacy, political freedom and economic freedom, the adherents of which use cryptographic software for confidentiality and security while sending and receiving information over computer networks.
By using cryptographic software, the association between the identity of a certain user or organization and the pseudonym they use is made difficult to find, unless the user reveals the association. It is difficult to say which country's laws will be ignored[clarification needed], as even the location of a certain participant is unknown. However, participants may in theory voluntarily create new laws using smart contracts or, if the user is pseudonymous, depend on online reputation.[original research?]
Contents
1 Origin
2 Terminology
3 Motives
3.1 Cryptography and law
4 Plausible deniability
5 Anonymous trading
6 See also
7 Notes
7.1 Works cited
8 Further reading
Origin
In his 1988 "Crypto Anarchist Manifesto", Timothy C. May introduced the basic principles of crypto-anarchism, encrypted exchanges ensuring total anonymity, total freedom of speech, and total freedom to trade – with foreseeable hostility coming from States.
Terminology
"Crypto-" comes from the Ancient Greek κρυπτός kruptós, meaning "hidden" or "secret". Crypto-anarchism refers to anarchist politics founded on cryptographic methods, as well as a form of anarchism that operates in secret.
Motives
One motive of crypto-anarchists is to defend against surveillance of computer networks communication. Crypto-anarchists try to protect against government mass surveillance, such as PRISM, Tempora, telecommunications data retention, the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, Room 641A, the FRA and so on. Crypto-anarchists consider the development and use of cryptography to be the main defense against such problems.
A second concern is evasion of censorship, particularly Internet censorship, on the grounds of freedom of expression. The programs used by crypto-anarchists often make it possible to both publish and read information off the internet or other computer networks anonymously. For example, Tor, I2P, Freenet and many similar networks allow for anonymous "hidden" webpages accessible only by users of these programs, while projects like Bitmessage allow for anonymous messaging system intended to be a substitute for email. This helps whistleblowers and political opposition in oppressive nations to spread their information.
A third reason is to build and participate in counter economics, which includes development of viable alternatives to banking systems, and development of alternative financial systems which provide the user with options for greater privacy or anonymity. Services like Silk Road and Black Market Reloaded made it possible to trade goods and services with little interference from the law. These are examples of centralized, and thus vulnerable, marketplaces, or tools. Similarly, web wallets employed by some Bitcoin users are also centralized and vulnerable. Decentralized and distributed marketplaces and currency exchanges are more difficult to target by law enforcement agencies and may provide more security to its end-users. An example of a decentralized and distributed marketplace in development is OpenBazaar or Particl.
The technical challenge in developing and maintaining these cryptographic systems is tremendous, which causes some programmers to be interested in joining such projects.
Cryptography and law
Crypto-anarchists argue that without encryption abilities, messages, personal information, and private life would be seriously damaged. They argue that a ban on cryptography is equal to the eradication of secrecy of correspondence. They argue that only a draconian police-state would criminalize cryptography. It is already illegal to use it in some countries, and export laws are restrictive in others. Citizens in the United Kingdom must, upon request, give keys for decryption of personal systems to authorities. Failing to do this can result in imprisonment for up to two years, without evidence of other criminal activity.
This legislative key-surrender tactic can be circumvented using automatic rekeying of secure channels through rapid generation of new, unrelated public and private keys at short intervals. Following rekeying, the old keys can be deleted, rendering previously used keys inaccessible to the end-user, and thus removing the user's ability to disclose the old key, even if they are willing to do so. Technologies enabling this sort of rapidly rekeyed encryption include public-key cryptography, hardware PRNGs, perfect forward secrecy, and opportunistic encryption. Many apps commonly in use today on mobile devices around the world employ such encryption. The only ways to stop this sort of cryptography is to ban it completely (any such ban would be unenforceable for any government that is not totalitarian, as it would result in massive invasions of privacy, such as blanket permission for physical searches of all computers at random intervals), or otherwise raise barriers to its practical use (be they technological or legal). Such barriers represent a difficulty and risk to the users of such cryptographic technology which would limit and potentially prevent its widespread adoption. Generally, it is the threat of prosecution which limits the use and proliferation of a technology more so than the ease-of-use of a technology in and of itself.
Crypto-anarchism is an ideology that seeks to create and deploy information infrastructure that, by design, is unable to comply with authoritarian requests to break the participating individuals' secrecy of correspondence.
Plausible deniability
Crypto-anarchism relies heavily on plausible deniability to avoid censorship. Crypto-anarchists create this deniability by sending encrypted messages to interlinked proxies in computer networks. A payload of routing information is bundled with the message; the message is encrypted with each one of the proxies', and the receiver's, public keys. Each node can only decrypt its own part of the message, and only obtain the information intended for itself. That is, from which node it got the message, and to which node it should deliver the message. With only access to this information, it is thought to be very difficult for nodes in the network to know what information they are carrying or who is communicating with whom. Peers can protect their identities from each other's by using rendevouz onions or similar, digital signatures, etc. Who originally sent the information and who is the intended receiver is considered infeasible to detect, unless the peers themselves collaborate to reveal this information. See mix networks, onion routing and anonymous P2P for more information.
Anonymizing communication protocols makes it difficult to know who is connected to any particular service or pseudonym. It is difficult to stop any potential criminal activity in the network without enforcing a ban on strong cryptography.
Deniable encryption and anonymizing networks can be used to avoid being detected while sharing illegal or sensitive information that users are too afraid to share without any protection of their identity. The information being shared could be anything from anti-state propaganda, whistleblowing, organization of narcotics distribution, illegal pornographic content, distribution of reports from political dissidents, anonymous monetary transactions, etc. The act of making available a communication medium that can not be regulated at all, is the political action of crypto-anarchism. The idea is that corrupt authorities will become undermined by the peoples ability to freely communicate with each other, and to organize without the authorities ability to intervene.
Anonymous trading
Untraceable, privately issued electronic money and anonymous Internet banking exists in these networks. In the past, this was handled only by centralized organizations. Digital Monetary Trust and Yodelbank were examples of two such anonymous banks that were later put offline by their creators. Ukash is an e-money network. Cash in amounts up to £500/€750 can be swapped for a 19-digit Ukash voucher in payment terminals and retail outlets.
Bitcoin is a currency generated and secured by peer-to-peer networked devices that maintain a communal record of all transactions within the system that can be used in a crypto-anarchic context. The idea behind bitcoin can be traced to The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto. There exist a large number of altcoins, some of which have opaque ledgers such that transactions between peers can be untraceable (the first protocol for this is known as the Zerocoin protocol, see also Monero). Some altcoin currencies also act as decentralized autonomous organizations, or act as platforms for enabling such organizations.
Silk Road was the first anonymous crypto-market. It operated using the Tor network and all transactions used bitcoin. It was shut down by the FBI in 2013. Silkroad was quickly replaced by other cryptomarkets and today there are several competing markets operating in parallel.
OpenBazaar is an open source project developing a protocol for e-commerce transactions in a fully decentralized marketplace. It uses the cryptocurrency bitcoin and was inspired by a hackathon project called DarkMarket.
Anonymous trading is easier to achieve for information services that can be provided over the Internet. Providing physical products is more difficult as the anonymity is more easily broken when crossing into the physical world: The vendor needs to know where to send the physical goods. Untraceable money makes it possible to ignore some of the laws of the physical world, as the laws cannot be enforced without knowing people's physical identities. For instance, tax on income for online services provided via the crypto-anarchists networks can be avoided if no government knows the identity of the service provider.
Assassination Market was a Tor-based market operated by a self-described crypto-anarchist going by the pseudonym Kuwabatake Sanjuro.
In The Cyphernomicon, Timothy C. May suggests that crypto-anarchism qualifies as a form of anarcho-capitalism:
What emerges from this is unclear, but I think it will be a form of anarcho-capitalist market system I call "crypto-anarchy."
Another quote in the cyphernomicon defines crypto-anarchism. Under the title "What is Crypto Anarchy?", May writes:
Some of us believe various forms of strong cryptography will cause the power of the state to decline, perhaps even collapse fairly abruptly. We believe the expansion into cyberspace, with secure communications, digital money, anonymity and pseudonymity, and other crypto-mediated interactions, will profoundly change the nature of economies and social interactions. Governments will have a hard time collecting taxes, regulating the behavior of individuals and corporations (small ones at least), and generally coercing folks when it can't even tell what continent folks are on!
tether coin
bitcoin trojan
анализ bitcoin chain bitcoin ethereum plasma bitcoin multiplier пример bitcoin bitcoin надежность заработок ethereum 2x bitcoin clockworkmod tether bitcoin sec ecdsa bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin it заработок ethereum my ethereum
bitcoin chart
ethereum russia bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin 1070
bitcoin easy приват24 bitcoin bitcoin tor monero hardfork love bitcoin bitcoin 2x значок bitcoin фарминг bitcoin
лотерея bitcoin ethereum pow cryptonator ethereum wikileaks bitcoin multi bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin украина ecopayz bitcoin best bitcoin bitcoin pools monero client etoro bitcoin nonce bitcoin ethereum статистика cryptonight monero bitcoin genesis bitcoin торрент bitcoin ixbt
bitcoin paper bitcoin рост etoro bitcoin 3d bitcoin bitcoin golden A fixed amount of coins also means that inflation will not affect the overall value of the currency, unlike currencies such as the dollar, pound or euro. For forex traders who feel that a currency might drop in value, they may purchase Litecoins and hold on to their investment before selling back into their currency (hopefully at a profit). External influences (such as governments) can manipulate the value of their currency through inflation and quantitative easing, but the same cannot be done with Litecoin, making it more sustainable long term.xpub bitcoin auto bitcoin reddit bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin информация datadir bitcoin bitcoin картинки p2pool bitcoin bitcoin json bitcoin покупка эфириум ethereum accepts bitcoin
bitcoin moneypolo описание bitcoin mist ethereum bitcoin торрент miner bitcoin
кран monero 8 bitcoin bitcoin tools minergate bitcoin
monero cryptonight bitcoin grafik обзор bitcoin metropolis ethereum bye bitcoin
метрополис ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin background bitcoin sportsbook solo bitcoin bitcoin расчет ethereum github mempool bitcoin ubuntu ethereum bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin lurk порт bitcoin monero ico best bitcoin xmr monero bitcoin стоимость bitcoin в cryptocurrency wallet nvidia bitcoin bitcoin робот tether кошелек bitcoin вклады
фото bitcoin purchase bitcoin хайпы bitcoin bitcoin best bitcoin биткоин ethereum валюта best bitcoin
casinos bitcoin займ bitcoin bitcoin работа теханализ bitcoin ethereum poloniex top cryptocurrency bitcoin информация explorer ethereum bitcoin автор pps bitcoin bitcoin выиграть monero майнить логотип bitcoin cryptocurrency ethereum testnet казино ethereum bitcoin видеокарта
ethereum wiki андроид bitcoin bcc bitcoin ethereum валюта cubits bitcoin bitcoin clicker bitcoin перевод blockchain ethereum monero кран bitcoin bio cryptocurrency charts монет bitcoin bitcoin air bitcoin genesis
bitcoin официальный bitcoin логотип You can, for example, consider how much money it takes to mine those metals out of the ground per ounce, which has significant effects on the supply/demand balance of them.When a block is discovered, the discoverer may award themselves a certain number of bitcoins, which is agreed-upon by everyone in the network. Currently this bounty is 25 bitcoins; this value will halve every 210,000 blocks. See Controlled Currency Supply or use a bitcoin mining calculator.nicehash bitcoin
bitcoin life monero client korbit bitcoin ethereum windows bitcoin кран mine ethereum пополнить bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin tails bitcoin pattern
bitcoin bow скрипты bitcoin
cryptocurrency top tether bitcointalk bitcoin xpub bitcoin alien терминал bitcoin bitcoin minecraft ethereum web3 bitcoin payeer
ethereum online bitcoin scanner microsoft bitcoin bitcoin заработок бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin school
bitcoin donate виталий ethereum bitcoin ecdsa invest bitcoin сервисы bitcoin monero news ethereum телеграмм faucet ethereum обмен tether change bitcoin topfan bitcoin
mine ethereum покупка ethereum ethereum заработок monero dwarfpool bitcoin биржи bitcoin donate ethereum кошельки ethereum телеграмм p2pool ethereum sell bitcoin takara bitcoin ubuntu ethereum bitcoin china фермы bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin asic bitcoin keys
programming bitcoin bitcoin phoenix компьютер bitcoin bitcoin investment mindgate bitcoin bitcoin nyse forum ethereum red bitcoin
bitcoin официальный x2 bitcoin maps bitcoin адреса bitcoin ethereum pools майнинг tether zona bitcoin
multiply bitcoin bitcoin average mine ethereum bitcoin kaufen ethereum 1070
electrum ethereum трейдинг bitcoin
bitcoin dollar теханализ bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin official казахстан bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin pools mac bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin количество bitcoin metal As we have discussed, cryptocurrency projects only qualify as good platforms for business if they earn volunteer contributions. Pre-minting tokens and selling them to 'investors,' with a rich stash held back for the 'team,' creates strong incentives for technical debt and command-and-control management which eventually drives out the best talent, crushing the utility of the network and the price of the coin.bitcoin 10 999 bitcoin bitcoin ротатор майнинг bitcoin bitcoin бумажник
bitcoin сатоши my bitcoin обменники bitcoin wired tether bitcoin зебра bitcoin приложение buy ethereum bitcoin фильм отдам bitcoin bitcoin new bitcoin tor gif bitcoin bitcoin nodes
bitcoin wikileaks ethereum investing ethereum курсы график ethereum 1) ScarcityConfusing for a first-time usereasy bitcoin favicon bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin heist rub bitcoin bitcoin сеть bitcoin register programming bitcoin сети bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы консультации bitcoin
bitcoin carding bitcoin зебра ethereum online steam bitcoin bitcoin hacker bitcoin in bitcoin автокран котировка bitcoin android tether bitcoin 4000 ethereum 1070 monero logo bitcoin word gps tether dat bitcoin wordpress bitcoin service bitcoin bitcoin biz инвестирование bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin exchanges bitcoin datadir fork bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin boom bitcoin putin bip bitcoin bitcoin mmm minecraft bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin explorer explorer ethereum bitcoin сбор ethereum stratum ethereum wallet checker bitcoin
bitcoin webmoney Many digital currencies, including USD Coin and Tezos, offer holders rewards just for having them.working remotely, the commoditization of computation and data storagedorks bitcoin
Some legal and accounting firms also accept payment for their services in cryptocurrency.bitcoin playstation Protocol changes, also known as hard forks, can be 'planned' or 'unplanned'. A reason for a planned fork may be to adapt the system to manage new needs, introduce security protocols, or streamline the mining process, amongst other possibilities. Unplanned forks may be a result of discovered security flaws that some feel should not be patched, or other events that do not reach a consensus on how to address it. For example, a cyber attack may encourage network miners to adopt changes to the protocol while others want to keep to the old protocol and address concerns as needed. The largest example of this is the break between Ethereum and Ethereum Classic.darkcoin bitcoin Other methods of investment are bitcoin funds. The first regulated bitcoin fund was established in Jersey in July 2014 and approved by the Jersey Financial Services Commission. Also, c. 2012 an attempt was made by Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss (who in April 2013 claimed they owned nearly 1% of all bitcoins in existence) to establish a bitcoin ETF. As of 10 March 2017 the bitcoin ETF was declined by the SEC because of regulatory concerns. The price fell 15% in a few minutes, but soon mostly recovered. As of early 2015, they have announced plans to launch a New York-based bitcoin exchange named Gemini, which has received approval to launch on 5 October 2015. On 4 May 2015, Bitcoin Investment Trust started trading on the OTCQX market as GBTC. Forbes started publishing arguments in favor of investing in December 2015. In 2013 and 2014, the European Banking Authority and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a United States self-regulatory organization, warned that investing in bitcoins carries significant risks. Forbes named bitcoin the best investment of 2013. In 2014, Bloomberg named bitcoin one of its worst investments of the year. In 2015, bitcoin topped Bloomberg's currency tables.bitcoin сервисы bitcoin форк cubits bitcoin
криптовалюта tether bitcoin основатель dag ethereum
cubits bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг
bitcoin aliexpress
wikipedia bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin logo виталик ethereum alien bitcoin 600 bitcoin monero биржи bitcoin roll bitcoin goldmine monero майнить mindgate bitcoin bitcoin drip carding bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin compare platinum bitcoin китай bitcoin ethereum logo
bitcoin стоимость ethereum капитализация bitcoin 999
forbot bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet stealer bitcoin
bitcoin банк Deploying Ethereum in shipping helps with the tracking of cargo and prevents goods from being misplaced or counterfeited. Ethereum provides the provenance and tracking framework for any asset required in a typical supply chain.metropolis ethereum bitcoin математика ethereum blockchain panda bitcoin cryptocurrency charts ethereum web3 bitcoin pay
bitcoin girls bitcoin linux обвал bitcoin l bitcoin bitcoin all monero криптовалюта bitcoin global buy ethereum transaction bitcoin
bitcoin project обменники ethereum ethereum stats server bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin symbol bitcoin download bitcoin qr
lootool bitcoin отдам bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin reklama bitcoin конверт zona bitcoin tx bitcoin конференция bitcoin usdt tether ethereum crane avalon bitcoin bitcoin графики bitcoin like bitcoin options
coingecko ethereum
bitcoin перспективы падение ethereum tether верификация пример bitcoin bitcoin addnode bitcoin online enterprise ethereum electrodynamic tether Functions of Zerobitcoin compromised
monero cryptonote
bitcoin comprar проблемы bitcoin ethereum calc bitcoin rotator
wisdom bitcoin rpg bitcoin javascript bitcoin matrix bitcoin bitcoin future
bitcoin people ethereum покупка logo bitcoin bitcoin vip cryptocurrency nem bitcoin форекс bitcoin экспресс fox bitcoin billionaire bitcoin bitcoin paypal payable ethereum bitcoin usb bitcoin основы collector bitcoin
bitcoin brokers ethereum debian
kaspersky bitcoin mining ethereum unconfirmed monero gek monero bitcoin mac rinkeby ethereum ethereum бутерин эмиссия bitcoin bitcoin кэш monero blockchain card bitcoin bitcoin purse биржи ethereum bitcoin mempool bitcoin регистрации
bitcoin fork
ethereum токены bitcoin торговля cpuminer monero bitcoin форум
майнинга bitcoin bot bitcoin is bitcoin bitcoin icons balance bitcoin mt5 bitcoin monero прогноз
токены ethereum bitcoin system конвертер ethereum bitcoin майнить ethereum frontier
bitcoin stock ставки bitcoin bitcoin cran ethereum mine bitcoin convert alliance bitcoin monero майнить bitcoin valet сайте bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin рухнул moneybox bitcoin metal bitcoin multiplier bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать elysium bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin school
основатель ethereum
cryptonator ethereum air bitcoin mt5 bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin proxy bitcoin bitcoin buying ethereum валюта bitcoin получить bitcoin зарабатывать Right now, there’s already a lot of optimism backed in; bitcoins and other major cryptocurrencies are extremely expensive compared to their estimated current usage. Investors are assuming that they will achieve widespread adoption and are paying up accordingly. That means investors should apply considerable caution.bitcoin trader
amazon bitcoin
bitcoin машины INTERESTING FACTadc bitcoin bitcoin cap monero майнинг hub bitcoin bitcoin mining china bitcoin bitcoin center config bitcoin биржа ethereum bitcoin мерчант forum bitcoin стоимость bitcoin ethereum 1070 mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin государство ethereum отзывы exchange bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin xronos cryptocurrency
pool monero boxbit bitcoin ethereum обмен accepts bitcoin bitcoin apple pirates bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin etherium blockchain ethereum hash bitcoin
bitcoin oil bitcoin dice ethereum news iota cryptocurrency сайты bitcoin ethereum добыча android tether пицца bitcoin monero price компиляция bitcoin bitcoin forum steam bitcoin token ethereum mail bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin анализ live bitcoin bitcoin описание trezor bitcoin programming bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin cryptocurrency forum
minergate ethereum blocks bitcoin cryptocurrency price matteo monero ферма ethereum billionaire bitcoin trading cryptocurrency mining cryptocurrency ethereum stats qiwi bitcoin
bitcoin xpub bitcoin халява
erc20 ethereum bitcoin koshelek
bitcoin easy статистика ethereum рост bitcoin
debian bitcoin weekly bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin обмен r bitcoin Markets are dirty. But this doesn‘t change the fact that cryptocurrencies are here to stay – and here to change the world. This is already happening. People all over the world buy Bitcoin to protect themselves against the devaluation of their national currency. Mostly in Asia, a vivid market for Bitcoin remittance has emerged, and the Bitcoin using darknets of cybercrime are flourishing. More and more companies discover the power of Smart Contracts or token on Ethereum, the first real-world application of blockchain technologies emerge.As mentioned in our recent report: 'Revel Systems offers a range of POS solutions for quick-service restaurants, self-service kiosks, grocery stores and retail outlets, among other merchants. POS packages start at $3,000 plus a monthly fee for an iPad, cash drawer and scanner.' It was recently announced that Revel will also include bitcoin as a method of payment in its POS software.usb tether habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты fast bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin официальный
xbt bitcoin tradingview bitcoin ethereum foundation адрес bitcoin bitcoin значок bitcoin ledger free monero платформа bitcoin transaction bitcoin monero pools ethereum stratum
курсы bitcoin bitcoin wmz bitcoin convert fpga ethereum 16 bitcoin blog bitcoin neo bitcoin прогноз ethereum bitcoin даром bitcoin fasttech
node bitcoin bitcoin компания
bitcoin анимация bitcoin api акции ethereum сервера bitcoin panda bitcoin opencart bitcoin
bitcoin planet bitcoin c bitcoin torrent tether bootstrap testnet bitcoin tether пополнение roboforex bitcoin получение bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin bitcoin фарминг bitcoin hash ethereum twitter bitcoin компьютер форумы bitcoin bitcoin update monero rur bitcoin чат
bitcoin usa форекс bitcoin hub bitcoin bitcoin torrent bitcoin antminer
bitcoin ваучер wallet tether покупка bitcoin key bitcoin java bitcoin blockchain ethereum monero free bitcoin greenaddress bux bitcoin