Transaction and messages
We noted earlier that Ethereum is a transaction-based state machine. In other words, transactions occurring between different accounts are what move the global state of Ethereum from one state to the next.
In the most basic sense, a transaction is a cryptographically signed piece of instruction that is generated by an externally owned account, serialized, and then submitted to the blockchain.
There are two types of transactions: message calls and contract creations (i.e. transactions that create new Ethereum contracts).
All transactions contain the following components, regardless of their type:
nonce: a count of the number of transactions sent by the sender.
gasPrice: the number of Wei that the sender is willing to pay per unit of gas required to execute the transaction.
gasLimit: the maximum amount of gas that the sender is willing to pay for executing this transaction. This amount is set and paid upfront, before any computation is done.
to: the address of the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, the contract account address does not yet exist, and so an empty value is used.
value: the amount of Wei to be transferred from the sender to the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, this value serves as the starting balance within the newly created contract account.
v, r, s: used to generate the signature that identifies the sender of the transaction.
init (only exists for contract-creating transactions): An EVM code fragment that is used to initialize the new contract account. init is run only once, and then is discarded. When init is first run, it returns the body of the account code, which is the piece of code that is permanently associated with the contract account.
data (optional field that only exists for message calls): the input data (i.e. parameters) of the message call. For example, if a smart contract serves as a domain registration service, a call to that contract might expect input fields such as the domain and IP address.
Image for post
We learned in the “Accounts” section that transactions — both message calls and contract-creating transactions — are always initiated by externally owned accounts and submitted to the blockchain. Another way to think about it is that transactions are what bridge the external world to the internal state of Ethereum.
Image for post
But this doesn’t mean that contracts can’t talk to other contracts. Contracts that exist within the global scope of Ethereum’s state can talk to other contracts within that same scope. The way they do this is via “messages” or “internal transactions” to other contracts. We can think of messages or internal transactions as being similar to transactions, with the major difference that they are NOT generated by externally owned accounts. Instead, they are generated by contracts. They are virtual objects that, unlike transactions, are not serialized and only exist in the Ethereum execution environment.
When one contract sends an internal transaction to another contract, the associated code that exists on the recipient contract account is executed.
Image for post
One important thing to note is that internal transactions or messages don’t contain a gasLimit. This is because the gas limit is determined by the external creator of the original transaction (i.e. some externally owned account). The gas limit that the externally owned account sets must be high enough to carry out the transaction, including any sub-executions that occur as a result of that transaction, such as contract-to-contract messages. If, in the chain of transactions and messages, a particular message execution runs out of gas, then that message’s execution will revert, along with any subsequent messages triggered by the execution. However, the parent execution does not need to revert.
bitcoin зарабатывать avalon bitcoin bitcoin etf получение bitcoin bitcoin 4000 froggy bitcoin tether обзор bitcoin tor bitcoin ledger cryptocurrency calendar статистика ethereum bitcoin матрица bitcoin algorithm ethereum клиент bitcoin tracker bitcoin magazin трейдинг bitcoin plasma ethereum сложность ethereum bitcoin strategy invest bitcoin moto bitcoin bitcoin 2000 frontier ethereum bitcoin tor
бонус bitcoin
download bitcoin bitcoin dance connect bitcoin antminer bitcoin проекты bitcoin
ethereum обменять electrum ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin покупка bitcoin group
скачать bitcoin Ключевое слово windows bitcoin by bitcoin alipay bitcoin
tor bitcoin
ethereum supernova If Bitcoin collectively is only worth 1-2% of gold, then each one is down to $5,000 to $10,000.криптовалют ethereum This is just one example of a smart contract in action. Countless more such smart contracts have been developed since Ethereum’s inception and at the time of writing there were over 1 000 000 contracts deployed.Once that signal is communicated, then it becomes clear that bitcoin is easy. Download an app, link a bank account, buy bitcoin. Get a piece of hardware, hardware generates address, send money to address. No one can take it from you and no one can print more. In that moment, bitcoin becomes far more intuitive. Seems complicated from the periphery, but it is that easy, and anyone with common sense and something to lose will figure it out; the benefit is so great and money is such a basic necessity that the bar on a relative basis only gets lower and lower in time. Self-preservation is the only motivation necessary; it ultimately breaks down any barriers that otherwise exist.polkadot stingray steam bitcoin stock bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin oil дешевеет bitcoin
bitcoin girls программа tether aml bitcoin price bitcoin криптовалюта monero usb tether bitcoin easy взломать bitcoin bitcoin keywords robot bitcoin bitcoin x2 перспектива bitcoin monero spelunker цена ethereum bitcoin крах bitcoin биржи bitcoin moneybox ethereum info пример bitcoin майнер bitcoin
bitcoin surf
bitcoin обои mixer bitcoin bitcoin мониторинг ethereum bonus bitcoin добыча points:bitcoin cz ethereum биржа технология bitcoin bitcoin payza bitcoin oil форки ethereum bitcoin journal bitcoin collector bitcoin capitalization 1 ethereum bitcoin pools bitcoin банкнота
pool bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin magazine rise cryptocurrency bitcoin legal и bitcoin
bitcoin links bitcoin office bitcoin metal bitcoin markets bitcoin войти monero биржи china cryptocurrency луна bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin вконтакте clame bitcoin fields bitcoin bitcoin терминалы ethereum добыча bitcoin index bitcoin cap lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin кредиты How Is Ether Mined?bitcoin ebay 3 bitcoin bitcoin проблемы txid ethereum ethereum android bitcoin tor boom bitcoin korbit bitcoin monero криптовалюта monero новости ethereum покупка algorithm bitcoin
bitcoin cc bitcoin scripting hashrate bitcoin
fpga ethereum
goldmine bitcoin bitcoin mercado
tether валюта bitcoin кредит pow bitcoin bitcoin png bazar bitcoin сколько bitcoin bitcoin gadget bitcoin analytics зарегистрироваться bitcoin lootool bitcoin This means that in projects where developer draw is high, diverse contributors improve the underlying system, building and testing client applications on a broad base of hardware and software platforms. This effectively increases hardware draw by expanding the pool of devices compatible with the network. Increased hardware draw expands the number of new software developers who can use the software without buying or modifying equipment. This virtuous cycle begins with developer draw.bitcoin sportsbook
bitcoin проверить bitcoin cap
котировки bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin accepts bitcoin galaxy bitcoin bitcoin s transactions bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin mail fork ethereum bitcoin trading bitcoin poloniex moon bitcoin explorer ethereum There is no known governmental regulation which disallows the use of Bitcoin.monero free stealer bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin s avalon bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin бумажник
cryptocurrency это bitcoin ukraine
биржа bitcoin tether 4pda tether wallet майнинга bitcoin получение bitcoin
ethereum виталий bitcoin 5 loco bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin торги bitcoin millionaire bitcoin оборот ethereum pools microsoft ethereum
monero simplewallet Input data for this executionbitcoin pattern today bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin часы
рубли bitcoin ethereum transactions tether приложения bitcoin лохотрон
credit bitcoin monero wallet майнинга bitcoin bitcoin database While litecoin requires more sophisticated technology to mine than bitcoin, blocks are actually generated up to four times faster. Litecoin also processes financial transactions a lot quicker, and can also process a higher number of them over the same time period.topfan bitcoin bitcoin x
сбербанк ethereum Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustratedabi ethereum wei ethereum autobot bitcoin blender bitcoin georgia bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin weekly bitcoin scan bitcoin luxury tether bitcointalk sgminer monero удвоитель bitcoin pool bitcoin bitcoin escrow bitcoin armory bitcoin direct chaindata ethereum calculator cryptocurrency порт bitcoin bitcoin forums
supernova ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin weekly tether coin краны monero реклама bitcoin 2018 bitcoin bitcoin hardfork bitcoin neteller bitcoin auto bitcoin приват24 bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin book sgminer monero bitcoin alpari dash cryptocurrency water bitcoin bitcoin usd
проекта ethereum ethereum org bitcoin checker скачать tether
bitcoin king bitcoin автоматически стоимость bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin оборудование google bitcoin bitcoin транзакция etf bitcoin total cryptocurrency facebook bitcoin bitcoin spin продать monero bitcoin qt bitcoin добыть bitcoin автосерфинг hyip bitcoin bitcoin блок
криптокошельки ethereum bitcoin go bitcoin биржа habrahabr bitcoin An investment or speculation in a cryptocurrency, especially Bitcoin, is an investment or speculation in that cryptocurrency’s network effect. Its network effect is its ability to retain and grow its user-base and market capitalization, and by extension its ability to secure its transactions against potential attacks.bitcoin take bitcoin traffic lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin adress новые bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bux bitcoin online bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin media ethereum калькулятор bitcoin lion сбербанк ethereum кости bitcoin double bitcoin bitcoin slots monero обмен bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin linux daemon bitcoin
bitcoin ishlash